Disadvantages
of Programmed Instruction
In linear programming, all users follow
the same path. This uniformity prevents adaptation of content to users'
needs. Pushing a button or filling in a blank does not necessarily
represent active participation. Many poorer programs require only
copying tasks which actually can inhibit learning. Programmed materials
tend to depend too extensively on verbalization to convey content
thereby placing heavy reliance on the reading ability of the user.
This is not necessary, and is often changed by the programming of
other media, such as video, slides, and filmstrips.
PI, especially linear materials, are
often said to be boring. In a way, this is true. Many are tedious,
especially if you diligently work through hundreds or even thousands
of linear frames. However, this claim is based on the common misconception
that learning is necessarily fun. Writing and validating PI is time
consuming and may be more expensive to produce than other print materials.
It usually consumes more paper. It is difficult to use programmed
materials for reference. They are not well structured for access.
Branching texts can be awkward to use, especially if you lose your
place in the sequence. Linear texts can be frustrating for users who
already know much of the material. Good programs provide a diagnostic
option for moving such users ahead. The highly structured organization
of the material can discourage independent inquiry and creative thought.
Machine-based programs are usually
unique to one machine; they cannot be displayed on another type of
teaching machine. Efforts to standardize on a common format have failed.
Program questions usually emphasize only content knowledge and do
not accommodate emotions or feelings. (This may or may not be a disadvantage.)
Good programs are difficult to prepare on a local basis.
Many programs overemphasize short-answer
questions that do not require understanding of the information. Little
interaction among users usually occurs while working on PI because
of the self-pacing characteristic. However, PI can be used successfully
in small groups. There is not as wide a selection of high-quality
programmed materials available today as in the 1960’s. Cheating
is possible with virtually all programs especially linear ones.
Disadvantages
of Computer-Assisted Instruction
Disadvantages include the need to own or have access to a
computer with the necessary RAM and operating system, lack of computer
skills of many students, physical problems such as carpal-tunnel syndrome
and eye disorders (caused by sitting in front of the computer screen
for long periods of time without blinking), prohibitive cost of educational
software, and the lack of human interaction in the learning process.
It is imperative that the computer-assisted
instruction software be designed well from the start. CAI must bridge
different learning styles to be fully effective; therefore, it should
offer different types of examples and ways to solve problems. Instructors
and students using and web-based learning must be sure to give frequent
feedback. Delays in communication may actually hinder students' success
in comprehending the material.
Another approach is to combine the
traditional classroom with CAI or the Internet. Studies have shown
that combining technology with the standard classroom approach actually
improves student performance.
