Advantages
of Programmed Instruction
Programs are normally validated as
part of the development process to ensure reliable, replicable learning
results, that is they are "automatic and guaranteed." They
are developed to meet specific needs since the process usually begins
with a needs assessment. Programming provides for adaptation of instruction
to the characteristics and capabilities of individual users. Users
can usually proceed at their own rate of learning. This avoids unfair
comparisons with other users. Users are required to be active participants
in the program, engaging in learning activities rather than passively
receiving information. Programs can be sequenced to match the information
processing requirements of the task to the structure of the content.
Different sequences or delivery strategies
can be used to meet the same objectives allowing for further adaptation.
The reinforcement resulting from the completion of a set of frames
leaves the user with a sense of accomplishment or success, which in
turn increases the motivation to learn. The small step size reduces
the information processing requirements, thereby compensating for
some deficiencies. All or parts of the program can be repeated or
restudied as required. Learning may be accomplished at any convenient
time or place in many formats. PI may be used for primary or (more
effectively) for supplemental instruction for whole or partial courses.
The difficulty and conceptual level can be adapted to the user. Programs
can be used without supervision. Self-teaching guides are common and
effective. Knowledge is usually gained more quickly than with traditional
instruction. This is the most consistent research finding.
A wide variety of media or display
devices can be employed to deliver the programs. PI materials provide
flexibility in arranging the user's work load, and they are logistically
easy to administer. PI materials are well suited to many kinds of
learning tasks and learning models. The feedback is continuous throughout
the learning process. Slow learners do not become lost and discouraged
as the material becomes more complex and detailed. Spelling generally
improves, due to constant repetition.
Advantages
of Computer-Assisted Instruction
Many of the advantages of PI are also
advantages of CAI and web-based learning. The advantages of CAI include
flexibility for students so that they can work at their own speed
at the time that is best for them. With web-based instruction, they
can work at home, at school, or anywhere there is a computer with
an Internet connection. Used with distance learning, it allows students
with handicaps or learning disabilities the opportunity to learn in
a less restrictive environment. Also, students who enroll in courses
via CAI, including web-based classes, gain an opportunity to learn
computer skills, which benefit them in many aspects of their lives.
