Introduction
to Volume 1
- Michael J. Cripps & Cynthia Haller
What Role Does
the "Glass Ceiling" Play for Women in Accounting?
- Lydia L. Bryant
Nanotechnology:
A Science Fiction or Technology of the Future?
- Tomas Cyparski
Lupus and Compliance:
The Problem of Compliance in Lupus Patients
- Amara Diggs
Playing With
Children's Minds: The Psychological Effects of Tobacco Advertising
on Children
- Joanna Hull
Sanctions
Against South Africa
- Charles S. Miller
Ebonics and
the African-American Student: Why Ebonics has a Place in the Classroom
- Stacey Thomas |

As indicated above, changes in sex-discrimination
laws have helped women to advance as well (Driscoll & Goldberg,
1993, p. 175). In particular, the "reasonable woman" standard
has been set to make the law reflect what the woman herself considers
unacceptable behavior by men on her job (Driscoll & Goldberg,
1993, p. 175).
Women have come a long way in accounting when one considers that
the field was nearly completely populated by males in the 1960's
(Hester, 2003, p. 1). However, women in the field still do have
a long way to go (Hester, 2003, p. 1). According to recent findings,
female accountants make less money and have less probability of
becoming top managers than males (Hester, 2003, p. 1). The so-called
"glass ceiling" begins at the level of the financial controller
occupation (Hester, 2003, p. 1). It has been discovered that making
over $50,000 annually is twice as possible for men as women and
that making over $70,000 a year is five times as likely for male
accountants as females (Hester, 2003, p. 2). In June of 2003, "Accountancy
Age" showed that only 10 % of the partners in the 50 top firms
are female (Hester, 2003, p. 2). This evidence caught the attention
of the Equal Opportunities Commission and they concluded that more
needs to be done in the accounting profession for women (Hester,
2003, p. 2).
Another government-sponsored program that will help female bookkeepers
to succeed in the field is the U.S. Department of Labor "Glass
Ceiling Initiative" (Morrison, White, & Velsor, 1992, p.
158). It was devised in July 1990 by Labor Secretary Elizabeth Dole
who threatened that non-compliant businesses would be closed (White,
1992, p. 22). This program covers training, reward structures, developmental
programs, and rotational assignments (Morrison, White, & Velsor,
1992, p. 158). The latter gives women multiple tasks so that they
are exposed to more skills in the work place (Morrison, White, &
Velsor, 1992, p. 158). In an interview that included 196 upper-middle-level
managers and executives of sixteen organizations, it was revealed
that not having a variety of duties at work is a barrier to getting
promoted (Morrison, White, & Velsor, 1992, p. 158).
In 1992, Department of Labor officials reported that
female, Hispanic, and black employees constitute over 30 % of middle
management in large corporations, however, less than 1% are CEOs
and Vice Presidents (White, 1992, p. 22). It is because of government
involvement like the "Glass Ceiling Initiative" and the
Equal Opportunities Commission that increasingly more women and
minorities are getting ahead in accounting and other professions
and will continue to succeed into the future (Morrison, White, &
Velsor, 1992, pp. 166-167). One African-American woman, Linda Riley
Mitchell, who is Finance Services President of the Tribune Co.(which
has $3 billion in assets) leads a group of 160 accountants included
in 40 Tribune enterprises (Gatland, 2000, p. 3). The increasing
amount of females entering Finance has encouraged her, and she states
that only until recently have women's professional needs been addressed
(Gatland, 2000, p. 3). She mentions how society is not used to seeing
powerful-female professionals like herself, but she is even more
of a rarity since she is also African American (Gatland, 2000, p.
3).
|